SEB070017 - OS(Device management)

Operating System
Tutorial 5
Ng Chi Beng
SEB070017

Device Management

1.Magnetic disk












Description
- the storage of data on a magnetized medium
- use non-volatile memory pattern to store data
- The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads


Advantages
-high storage capacity
-reliable
-gives direct access to data
-there are removable and cartridge types


Example
-Hardisk
-zip disk
-floppy disk

2.Optical disc


Description
- using a low-powered laser beam
- stored data as micron-wide dots of light and dark

Advantages
- The greater control and focus possible with laser beams means that more data
can be written into a smaller space.
- inexpensive to manufacture and data stored on them is relatively impervious
to most environmental threats
- faster than magnetic disc
- large storage capacity
- speed faster than magnetic discAdvantages


Examples
-Blue-ray
-CD-ROM
-CD-RW
-CD-R
-DVD

3.Flash memory


Description
- technology that primarily used in memory cards and USB flash drives for
general storage and transferring data
- non-volatile, which means that no power is needed to maintain the information
stored in the chip


Advantages
- low cost
- convenience to use and easy to bring.
- Small size
- large storage capacity 8 MB to 1 GB
- include password protection
- ability to run software right off the USB drive

Examples
- memory card
- flash drive
- flash pen
- thumb drive
- key drive
- mini-USB drive.
- Removable hardrive
- Smart card

4.Magneto-optical disc


Description
- do not require a special file system for example they can be formatted as
FAT, HPFS, NTFS
- consists of a ferromagnetic material sealed beneath a plastic coating


Advantages
- can store several GB of data.
- faster than magnetic and optical
- slower than hardisk
- back up files on a personal computer.

Examples
-quadrilayers Magneto-optical disk

SEB070017 - TUTORIAL 4

Tutorial 4 - SEB070017

NG
CHI BENG

 

The key to using memory efficiently is virtual
memory management. Consider both Windows  and a UNIX/Linux operating system.
Compare and contrast how each implements virtual memory. Describe how each one
handles page faults, page sizes and how it reconciles thrashing issues. Cite
your sources.

 

 

Windows	UNIX/Linux
Windows is the most prominent proprietary operating system	Linux is the most prominent operating system that is free software
A pagefile is allocated on disk, for less frequently accessed objects in memory, leaving more RAM available to actively used objects	Most hard drive installations of Linux utilize a "swap partition", where the disk space allocated for paging is separate from general data, and is used strictly for paging operations
Windows must boot from a primary partition	Linux can boot from either a primary partition or a logical partition inside an extended partition
Windows must boot from the first hard disk.	Linux can boot from any hard disk in the computer.
Windows allows programs to store user information (files and settings) anywhere. This makes it impossibly hard to backup user data files and settings and to switch to a new computer.	In contrast, Linux stores all user data in the home directory making it much easier to migrate from an old computer to a new one. If home directories are segregated in their own partition, you can even upgrade from one version of Linux to another without having to migrate user data and settings.
Only those parts of the program and data that are currently in active use need to be held in physical RAM. Other parts are then held in a swap file (in Windows 95/98/ME:) or page file (in Windows NT, Windows 2000 and XP: pagefile.sys). When a program tries to access some address that is not currently in physical RAM, it generates an interrupt, called a Page Fault. This asks the system to retrieve the 4 KB page containing the address from the page file (or in the case of code possibly from the original program file). This — a valid page fault — normally happens quite invisibly. Sometimes, through program or hardware error, the page is not there either. The system then has an ‘Invalid Page Fault’ error. This will be a fatal error if detected in a program: if it is seen within the system itself (perhaps because a program sent it a bad request to do something), it may manifest itself as a ‘blue screen’ failure with a STOP code: consult the page on STOP Messages on this site.	Pages from a process are swapped The process becomes runnable and attempts to access a swapped page The page is faulted back into memory (most likely forcing some other processes' pages to be swapped out) A short time later, the page is swapped out again
Win32-based operating system, such as Windows 9x, NT, ReactOS, use the system function GetSystemInfo() from kernel32.dll. #include <stdio.h> #include <windows.h> int main() { SYSTEM_INFO si; GetSystemInfo(&si); printf("The page size for this system is %u bytes\n", si.dwPageSize); return 0; }	UNIX and POSIX-based systems use the system function sysconf(), as illustrated in the following example written in the C programming language. #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> // sysconf(3) int main() { printf("The page size for this system is %ld bytes\n", sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)); //_SC_PAGE_SIZE is OK too. return 0; }
Windows has two main lines. The older flavors are referred to as "Win9x" and consist of Windows 95, 98, 98SE and Me. The newer flavors are referred to as "NT class" and consist of Windows NT3, NT4, 2000, XP and Vista. Going back in time, Windows 3.x preceded Windows 95 by a few years. And before that, there were earlier versons of Windows, but they were not popular. Microsoft no longer supports Windows NT3, NT4, all the 9x versions and of course anything older. Support for Windows 2000 is partial (as of April 2007).	The flavors of Linux are referred to as distributions (often shortened to "distros"). All the Linux distributions released around the same time frame will use the same kernel (the guts of the Operating System). They differ in the add-on software provided, GUI, install process, price, documentation and technical support. Both Linux and Windows come in desktop and server editions.
The Windows GUI has changed from Windows 3.1 to Windows 95 (drastically) to Windows 2000 (slightly) to Windows XP (fairly large) and is slated to change again with the next version of Windows, the one that will replace XP. Windows XP has a themes feature that offers some customization of the look and feel of the GUI.	Linux typically provides two GUIs, KDE and Gnome. See a screen shot of Lycoris and Lindows in action from the Wal-Mart web site. The lynucs.org web site has examples of many substantially different Linux GUIs. Of the major Linux distributions, Lindows has made their user interface look more like Windows than the others. Here is a screen shot of Linux made to look like Windows XP. Then too, there is XPde for Linux which really makes Linux look like Windows. Quoting their web site "It's a desktop environment (XPde) and a window manager (XPwm) for Linux. It tries to make easier for Windows XP users to use a Linux box."

 

References:

1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Windows_and_Linux#Installation

2.


http://rangit.com/operating-systems/8-major-differences-between-linux

 

- and-windows/

3. http://www. aumha.
org/win5/a/ xpvm.php

4.


http://www.michaelhorowitz.com/Linux.vs.Windows.html

5. www. how stuff works. com

 

SEB070017 - TUTORIAL 3

Tutorial 3

NAME : NG CHI BENG
NO. MATRIX : SEB070017
DATE : 5. 8. 08





Explain 20 core function of an operating system in your own thought.

1. Boots - Start the computer administrator security file management provide user interface.

2.Boot-strapping – Operating system is needed to run the program which is loaded by BIOS when a computer start up.

3.Processor Management - assignment of processor to different tasks being performed by the computer system.

4.Memory management – This involves allocating, and often to create a virtual memory for program. Paging which means organizing data so that the program data is loaded into pages of memory. Another method of managing memory is swapping. This involves swapping the content of memory to disk storage. Example : Virtual Memory.

5.Device Interfacing - Operating system should try and hide the complexity of interfacing to devices from user program and the user. Typically an operating system should also try and configure device to start up rather than getting the user to set them up.

6.Multi–user - This allows one or more user to log into a system.
Thus the operating system must contain a user account database, which
Contains user name, default home directory, user passwords and user right.

7.Multi-processing - This allows two or more processes to be used at a time.
Here the operating system must decide if it can run the different processes
on individual processors. It must also manage the common memory
Between processors.

8.Multi-threading - Processes are often split into smaller task, named threads.
This thread allows smoother operations.

9.Establish internet communication – allow user surfing on the internet by network.

10.File management system - An Operating System can create and maintain a
file System, where users can create, delete and move files around a structured
File system. Many systems organize the files in directories (or folders).
In multi-users system; these folders can have associated user
Ownership, and associated access rights.

11.Programs Execution - To support the running of the programs.

12.System tools (programs) - used to monitor computer performance, debug problems, or maintain parts of the system.

13.Performances - Use to perform specific tasks especially relating to interfacing with computer system components.

14.Input/output management - that is co-ordination and assignment of the different output and input device while one or more programs are being executed.

15.Establishment and enforcement of a priority system - That is, it determines and maintains the order in which jobs are to be executed in the computer system.

16.Networking - computers running dissimilar operating systems can participate in a common network for sharing resources such as computing, files, printers, and scanners using either wired cables or wireless connections.

17.Security - operating system capable to distinguishing between requests which should be allowed to be processed, and others which should not be processed.

18.Disk access and file system - Access to files stored on disks is a central feature of all operating systems. Computers store data on disks using files, which are structured in specific ways in order to allow for faster access, higher reliability, and to make better use out of the drive's available space.

19.Interrupts - Interrupts are central to operating systems as they allow the operating system to deal with the unexpected activities of running programs and the world outside the computer. based programming is one of the most basic forms of time-sharing, being directly supported by most CPUs. Interrupts provide a computer with a way of automatically running specific code in response to events.

20.Communications - Facilities easy communication between the computer system and the computer operator (human). It also establishes data security and integrity.

SEB070017 - TUTORIAL 2

1. Application software :

Application software is a subclass of a computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and throughtly to a task that the user wish to perfomed.
Examples : media player, spread sheet, work processor, browser, etc.

2. Communication Devicer:

In telecommunication, it"s a restrict radiation device, exclusive of those employing conducted or guided ratio frequency techniques, used for the transmission of signs, signals, writting, images, and sounds by radiation of electromagnectic energy.
Examples: Radio, cellphone, television, PDA, PSP, etc.

3. Computer:

Computer is a electronic device used to store, sort, correlated, and make calculationon data at high speeds. It"s also is a machines that manipulates data accordingto the a list of instruction.
Examples: laptop, personal computer, etc.

4. Desktop computer:

Desktop computer is a personal computer(PC) in a form intended for regular use at a single location. Desktop computer come in a variety of style ranging from large vertical tower cases to small form factor models that can be tucked behind on LCD monitor. It has separate screen and keyboard.
Examples: DELL, TOSHIBA, COMPACT, SONY, iMAC, etc.

5. Embedded computer:

An embedded computer is a special computer system design to perform one or a few delacation functions, often with the real time computing constrant. it embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanic parts.
Examples: traffic light, MP3 player, Camera, etc.

6. Grapical User Interface:
A grapical user interface is a type of user interface which allow people to interact with electronic devices.
Examples: MP3, media player, gaming devices, keyboard, mouse, etc.

7. Hardware:
Hardware is a physical parts of the computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguish from the computer software that executes within the hardware. in comparison of Software and hardware data which are "soft" in the sence that they are readily created , modified or erase on computer.
Examples: motherboard, sound card, mouse, RAM, nvidia graphic card.

8. Internet:
The Internet is a world wide, publicly accesible series of interconnected computer network that transmit data by packet switching using the standard internet protocol (IP) . It's a " networks of networks" that consist of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks, which together carry various informationand services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked web pages and other resources of the world wide web(WWW).
Examples: Browser google, yahoo, etc.

9. Installing:
Installation (or setup) of a programme is the act and the effect of putting the programmes in a computer system so that it can be executed.

10. Network:
Network may refer to any interconnected group of system. More specially, a network is any method of sharing information between two system(mechanical and humans)

Yo, For all handsome & cuties..^^

hey yo, im chi beng, anyway can call me beng.. hahaz..
stay cool.. Nice 2 meet u all here..^^